One way to share information from your Mac is by setting permissions in your folders. As you might expect, permissions control who can use a given folder or any disk (or partition) other than the startup disk.

• Checking File Permission For Drive Mac High Sierra Requirements

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Why can’t you share the startup disk? Because macOS won’t let you. Why not? Because the startup disk contains the operating system and other stuff that nobody else should have access to.

You can set permissions for

• The folder’s owner
• A subset of all the people who have accounts on the Mac (a group)
• Everyone who has the Mac’s address, whether they have an account or not (guests)

To help you get a better handle on these relationships, a closer look at permissions, owners, and groups is coming right up.

Contemplating permissions

When you consider who can use which folders, three distinct kinds of users exist on the network. Here’s a quick introduction to the different user types:

• Owner: The owner of a folder or disk can change the permissions to that folder or disk at any time. The name you enter when you log in to your Mac — or the name of your Home folder — is the default owner of Shared folders and drives on that machine. Ownership can be given away. Even if you own the Mac, you can’t change permissions for a folder on it that belongs to another user (unless you get Unix-y and do so as root). The owner must be logged in to change permissions on his folders.

macOS is the owner of many folders outside the Users folder. If macOS owns it, you can see that “system” is its owner if you select the folder and choose File → Get Info (or press ⌘+I).

Folders that aren’t in the User directories generally belong to system; it’s almost always a bad idea to change the permissions on any folder owned by system.

If you must change permissions on a file or folder, select its icon and choose File → Get Info (⌘+I) and then change the settings in the Sharing & Permissions section at the bottom of the resulting Get Info window. Don’t change permission settings if you’re not absolutely sure of what you’re doing and why. And by all means think twice before deciding to apply changes to all the items in a folder or disk; change permissions on the contents of the wrong folder and you could end up with a mess.

• Group: In Unix systems, all users belong to one or more groups. The group that includes everyone who has an account with administrator permissions on your Mac is called Admin. Everyone in the Admin group has access to Shared and Public folders over the network, as well as to any folder that the Admin group has been granted access to by the folder’s owner.

For the purpose of assigning permissions, you can create your own groups the same way you create a user account: Open the Users & Groups System Preferences pane, click the little plus sign, choose Group from the New Account pop-up menu, type the name of the group, and then click the Create Group button.

The group appears in the list of users on the left, and eligible accounts appear with check boxes on the right.

• Everyone: This category is an easy way to set permissions for everyone with an account on your Mac at the same time. Unlike the Admin group, which includes only users with administrative permissions, this one includes, well, everyone (everyone with an account on this Mac, that is).

If you want people without an account on this Mac to have access to a file or folder, that file or folder needs to go in your Public folder, where the people you want to see it can log in as guests.

Sharing a folder

Suppose you have a folder you want to share, but it has slightly different rules than those set up for the Public folder, for the Drop Box folder within the Public folder, or for your personal folders. These rules are permissions, and they tell you how much access someone has to your stuff.

Actually, the rules governing Shared and Public folders are permissions, too, but they’re set up for you when macOS is installed.

It is suggested that you share only those folders located in your Home folder (or a folder within it). Because of the way Unix works, the Unix permissions of the enclosing folder can prevent access to a folder for which you do have permissions. If you share only the folders in your Home folder, you’ll never go wrong. If you don’t take this advice, you could wind up having folders that other users can’t access, even though you gave them the appropriate permissions.

By the way, you can set permissions for folders within your Public folder (like the Drop Box folder) that are different from those for the rest of the parent folder.

Don’t forget that anything said about sharing a folder also applies to sharing any disk (or partition) other than your startup disk. Although you can’t explicitly share your startup disk, anyone with administrator access can mount it for sharing from across the network (or Internet).

To share a folder with another user, follow these steps:

1. Open System Preferences.The System Preferences window appears.
2. In the System Preferences window, click the Sharing icon.The Sharing System Preferences pane appears.
3. Click File Sharing in the list of services on the left.The lists of shared folders and their users appear on the right.
4. Click the + (plus) button under the Shared Folders list or drag the folder from the Finder onto the Shared Folders list to add the folder you want to share.

   If you select the Shared Folder check box in a folder’s Get Info window, that folder already appears in the list of Shared Folders, so you won’t have to bother with Step 4.Alas, although selecting the Shared Folder check box in a folder’s Get Info window causes it to appear in the Sharing System Preferences pane’s Shared Folders list, you still have to complete the steps that follow to assign that folder’s users and privileges.

5. Click the + (plus) button under the Users column to add a user or group if the user or group you want isn’t already showing in the Users column.
6. Click the double-headed arrow to the right of a user or group name and change its privileges.You can choose among three types of access (in addition to no access) for each user or group. If you’re the folder’s owner (or have administrator access), you can click the padlock icon and change the owner and/or group for the file or folder.

One of the old Mac OS X utilities, Disk Utility, has received a makeover in macOS Sierra. The updated app now presents a streamlined appearance while retaining all of its former functionality, and it’s still useful for verifying or repairing disks. This can be useful if you’re running into odd issues with a Mac, so we’ll take a look at the process of verifying and repairing disks with macOS Sierra’s Disk Utility.

Some of the issues you might encounter that indicate a disk that might need repair:

• Multiple apps quit unexpectedly
• A file is corrupted
• An external device doesn’t work properly
• Your Mac refuses to start up

Verifying Disks
Verifying a disk subjects it to a series of checks, all of which are done through a process called “Live Verification”. This means that Disk Utility can check the status of a disk, its catalog file, multi-linked files, catalog hierarchy and more the Mac needing to be started up with another disk drive. It does this by “freezing” the volume, so while you’re running the verification tests you may find that your Mac becomes slow or unresponsive.

To verify a disk, simply launch Disk Utility (found in Applications > Utilities), click on the drive volume you wish to check, then click on the First Aid button in the Disk Utility toolbar. Disk Utility responds by stating what it’s about to do:

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Click the blue Run button to begin the process of verifying the disk. Disk Utility informs you of what’s about to happen, specifically noting that apps will become unresponsive during the tests.

Click the blue Continue button, and Disk Utility begins to perform its battery of tests on the hard drive. The process usually runs quickly, taking only a few minutes to verify a large (2 TB) boot drive. You’ll get a notification that the First Aid process is complete (see image below), with either a green check mark indicating that everything appears to be OK or a red X indicating that there are some issues that need to be repaired. To repair a disk, it’s necessary to boot from another drive, then run Disk Utility again. We’ll cover that in the next section of this post.

Note that the Live Verification process only works on volumes that have been formatted as “Mac OS Extended (Journaled)”. If you run First Aid on a volume that is not journaled, Disk Utility responds with an error message saying “ERROR: could not freeze volume (Operation not supported). In addition, you may not be able to interrupt the Live Verification through First Aid, so it’s best to let it continue to run until completed. Finally, an alert message that says “Incorrect size for file temp” is no cause for alarm.

Repairing a Disk
If First Aid and the Live Verification process indicate that repairs are required on a volume, it’s time to boot from another disk drive and then run Disk Utility again. Fortunately for Mac users, there’s a built-in “boot disk” in the guise of the Recovery Partition.

To boot from the Recovery Partition, restart your Mac and hold down the Option key. When the Mac restarts, you are greeted by icons for all of the available drives. In the example below, there’s a Sierra drive, a Windows drive (Boot Camp), and a drive designated “Recovery-10.12”. macOS Sierra is also known as macOS 10.12, so this is the Recovery Partition for our Sierra boot drive.

Use your mouse, trackpad, or keyboard arrow keys to highlight the “Recovery-10.12” drive, then press Return. Once the system has booted, four macOS Utilities are listed, one of which is Disk Utility (see image below). Click Disk Utility to select it, then click the Continue button. The familiar Disk Utility window appears. Click on the drive requiring repairs, then click First Aid again. As before, Disk Utility will take the volume through the Live Verification process. When it finds errors on that volume, it can now repair them since you’ve booted from another disk.

Should you require additional detail not found in this post, be sure to check these two Apple knowledge base articles:

Checking File Permission For Drive Mac High Sierra Requirements

• Disk Utility for Mac: Verify a disk using Disk Utility
• Disk Utility for Mac: Repair a disk using Disk Utility

Further reading on macOS Sierra:

• How To Get Ready For macOS Sierra
• Create a Bootable macOS Sierra Install Drive with DiskMaker X
• macOS Sierra Preview: Using Siri on the Mac

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