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| Original author(s) | TWAIN Working Group |
|---|---|
| Developer(s) | TWAIN Working Group |
| Initial release | February 1992; 28 years ago |
| Stable release | 2.4 (11 December 2015; 4 years ago) [±][1] |
| Operating system | Linux, macOS, Microsoft Windows |
| Platform | x86, x86-64, PowerPC |
| Standard(s) | TWAIN |
| Type | Application programming interface |
| License | LGPL (Data Source Manager only) |
| Website | www.twain.org |
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TWAIN and TWAIN Direct are application programming interfaces (APIs) and communication protocols that regulate communication between software and digital imaging devices, such as image scanners and digital cameras. TWAIN is supported on Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS X[2].
The three key elements of TWAIN are[2]:
- Application software. For example, graphics software, a fax application or a word processor.
- Source manager software. The source manager software is a software library provided by the TWAIN Working Group.
- Device drivers (referred to as 'Source software' in the specification document)
Both the application and the device driver must support TWAIN for the interface to be successfully used.
History[edit]
The design of TWAIN began in January 1991. The TWAIN group was originally launched in 1992 by several members of the imaging industry, with the intention of standardizing communication between image handling software and hardware.[3] Review of the original TWAIN Developer's Toolkit occurred from April, 1991 through January, 1992.[4]
The word TWAIN is not officially an acronym, but it is a backronym. The official website notes that 'the word TWAIN is from Kipling's 'The Ballad of East and West' — '..and never the twain shall meet..' — reflecting the difficulty, at the time, of connecting scanners and personal computers. It was up-cased to TWAIN to make it more distinctive. This led people to believe it was an acronym,[5] and then to a contest to come up with an expansion. None was selected, but the entry Technology Without an Interesting Name continues to haunt the standard.'[6][7] For example, the Encyclopedia of Information Technology lists 'Technology Without an Interesting Name' as the official meaning of TWAIN.[8]
| Version | Release date | Changes |
|---|---|---|
| 1.0 | February 1992 |
|
| 1.5 | May 1993 |
|
| 1.6 | 5 February 1996 |
|
| 1.7 | 19 August 1997 |
|
| 1.8 | 22 October 1998 |
|
| 1.9 | 20 January 2000 |
|
| 2.0 | 22 February 2008 |
|
| 2.1 | 8 July 2009 |
|
| 2.2 | 16 February 2012 |
|
| 2.3 | 21 November 2013 |
|
| 2.4 | 15 December 2015 |
|
Objectives[edit]
Objectives of the TWAIN Working Group and standard include:
- Ensure image-handling software and hardware compatibility
- Keep the specification current with the state of current software and hardware while maintaining backward compatibility
- Provide multiple-platform support
- Maintain and distribute a no-charge developer's toolkit
- Ensure ease of implementation
- Encourage widespread adoption
- Open Source Data Source Manager
- LGPL Open Source License
- BSD Open Source Sample Application and Sample Data Source Application
TWAIN provides support for:
- Production, high-speed scanning
- Multiple operating system platforms including Windows, classic Mac OS, macOS, and Linux
TWAIN Working Group[edit]
Today the TWAIN standard, including the specification, data source manager and sample code, are maintained by the not-for-profit organization TWAIN Working Group.
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Board and associate members of the TWAIN Working Group include:
- Atalasoft, a Kofax Company
- Kodak Alaris
- Fujitsu Computer Products of America
- InoTec GmbH
- ExactCODE GmbH
- Microtek International, Inc.
See also[edit]
- Image and Scanner Interface Specification (ISIS)
Notes[edit]
- ^'TWAIN Features'. FileZilla. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
- ^ ab'TWAIN Specification Version 2.4'(PDF). TWAIN Working Group. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ^What is the TWAIN Initiative?Archived March 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^TWAIN docs indexArchived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
- ^Chambers, Mark L. (2010). PCs All-in-One For Dummies (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 458. ISBN9780470908006.
- ^Pete Walsh; Francine Spiegel; Janee Aronoff (2013). Photoshop Elements 2 Most Wanted. Apress. p. 8. ISBN9781430251194.
- ^'The TWAIN Forum • View topic - What is TWAIN an acronym for?'. Twainforum.org. Archived from the original on April 2, 2016. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
- ^Encyclopedia of Information Technology. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 2007. p. 501. ISBN978-8126907526.
- ^'TWAIN Features'. FileZilla. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
References[edit]
- This article is based on material taken from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the 'relicensing' terms of the GFDL, version 1.3 or later.
External links[edit]
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