Out of the box, OS X doesn’t include the standard C compilers (C, C++, Obj-C). While they are unnecessary for the average customer, many technical users (or people learning C for the first time) like to have access to a C compiler on the command line — without delving into Apple’s comprehensive development system and the Xcode IDE. Here’s how to do it — for free.

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Sep 28, 2013  The compiler also has the less javascript framework bundled and auto updates it when it is upgraded – so this is the better way to work. Grab the downloaded SimpLESS.1.4.mac.zip, unzip and move the SimpLESS.app into your Applications folder, to open the App on OSX Mountain Lion, control-click open it to get around the gatekeeper. There are two methods to install Free Pascal for Mac OS X. 1) Download and install the Mac OS X installer package 2) Install fpc using fink This second method additionally includes a text mode IDE, which partly works using XQuartz xterm. An OS is an Operating System. This is the main software running on a computer that you interface with and run your programs. Such as Microsoft Windows, or Apple's Mac OS X. A complier is a tool.

The first thing to know is good news. You don’t have to pay US$99 and become a member of Apple’s Developer program to follow these instructions. You can download Apple’s Xcode 4.1 for free, and its installer will give you gcc, g++, and llvm-gcc nicely installed and ready for the command line. The bad news is that you’ll have to be using Lion. And, you’ll need to have an Apple ID, even though the download is free.

What starts this odyssey for most technical users is that they’re perusing a new Mac, open a terminal, and type, out of curiosity:

and find to their dismay that that there’s no C compiler to be found. WTF?

The Ugly “Before”

Unlike most other UNIX vendors, Apple feels that this is an unnecessary addition and that technical users, if they need it, can go install it. However, those who are new to the Mac are often not quite sure about the best way to do that. Here’s the easy way.

________

1. First, go to the Apple menu in Lion and select “App Store…” Do a search for “Xcode.” You should see something similar to this. (Note, in my case, Xcode is marked as already installed.)

Mac Apple Store (MAS) Xcode on the left.

2. After you download Xcode, there will be an installer in /Applications. It looks like this in icon view.

Xcode Installer icon

3. Double click this application, if it didn’t already launch after the download, and a complete development system will be installed on your Mac and placed in the root of the file system — in a directory called “Developer.” You can explore the contents and the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) at your leisure. So just go ahead and quit Xcode (CMD-Q) after the installer is done.

You won’t be needing this right away, so quit the app.

4. Now open the terminal and type “gcc -v” again. Bliss!

The Beautiful “After”

You’ll notice that gcc 4.2.1 is installed. Also, g++ is installed. For those who prefer, the more modern Low Level Virtual Machine (LLVM) C compiler that Apple is now using is also installed. These are all in the expected place: /usr/bin. Note that the Xcode installer also drops in the man pages for these compilers.

llvm pointers in /usr/bin

Additional Notes

That’s all you need to do. If at some future point, you want to explore GUI app development on the Mac, you can learn Xcode, found in /Developer/Applications as well as the primary development language for OS X and iOS apps called Objective-C. (The version of gcc installed will compile Objective-C code.)

To learn more about how Apple has implemented llvm-gcc, the default compiler in Xcode, here’s a really good, quick and handy reference article to digest before you dig into Apple’s extensive developer documentation.

Uninstaller software for mac os x 10 12. Even the best Mac uninstaller you can find for free has its downsides. Subscription model seems more expensive, but it grants you updates and constant support. On the other hand, paid ones may require subscription or single payments.

Apple is no longer maintaining gcc, so you might as well move to llvm-gcc on the command line.

Finally, the sake of completeness, I should add that Dr. Gaurav Khanna, an astrophysicist in the Physics Department at the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth, maintains a computational tools page that goes well beyond the simple C compilers mentioned above. He generally keeps these tools updated for the latest version of OS X.

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UPDATE: April 4, 2012. Things have changed slightly since this article was written. See this update: “Install the Command Line C Compilers in OS X Lion.”

Less (Leaner Style Sheets; sometimes stylized as LESS) is a dynamic preprocessorstyle sheet language that can be compiled into Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and run on the client side or server side.^[2]Designed by Alexis Sellier, Less is influenced by Sass and has influenced the newer 'SCSS' syntax of Sass, which adapted its CSS-like block formatting syntax.^[3] Less is open source. Its first version was written in Ruby; however, in the later versions, use of Ruby has been deprecated and replaced by JavaScript. The indented syntax of Less is a nested metalanguage, as valid CSS is valid Less code with the same semantics. Less provides the following mechanisms: variables, nesting, mixins, operators and functions; the main difference between Less and other CSS precompilers being that Less allows real-time compilation via less.js by the browser.^[2][4]

Features[edit]

Variables[edit]

Less allows variables to be defined. Variables in Less are defined with an at sign (@). Variable assignment is done with a colon (:).

During translation, the values of the variables are inserted into the output CSS document.^[2]

The code above in Less would compile to the following CSS code.

Mixins[edit]

Mixins allow embedding all the properties of a class into another class by including the class name as one of its properties, thus behaving as a sort of constant or variable. They can also behave like functions, and take arguments. CSS does not support Mixins: Any repeated code must be repeated in each location. Mixins allow for more efficient and clean code repetitions, as well as easier alteration of code.^[2]

The above code in Less would compile to the following CSS code:

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Less has a special type of ruleset called parametric mixins which can be mixed in like classes, but accepts parameters.

For instance, there are several basic editing tools that allow you to adjust various file properties to enhance your viewing experience. ConsUnwelcoming interface: VLC Media Player's interface may be a bit intimidating to inexperienced users, as it's quite bare bones and utilitarian. Vlc media player for mac os x reviews free.

The above code in Less would compile to the following CSS code:

Functions and operations[edit]

Less allows operations and functions. Operations allow addition, subtraction, division and multiplication of property values and colors, which can be used to create complex relationships between properties. Functions map one-to-one with JavaScript code, allowing manipulation of values.

The above code in Less would compile to the following CSS code:

Comparison[edit]

Sass[edit]

Both Sass and Less are CSS preprocessors, which allow writing clean CSS in a programming construct instead of static rules.^[5]

Less is inspired by Sass.^[6][3] Sass was designed to both simplify and extend CSS, so things like curly braces were removed from the syntax. Less was designed to be as close to CSS as possible, and as a result existing CSS can be used as valid Less code.^[7]

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The newer versions of Sass also introduced a CSS-like syntax called SCSS (Sassy CSS).

Use on sites[edit]

Less can be applied to sites in a number of ways. One option is to include the less.js JavaScript file to convert the code on-the-fly. The browser then renders the output CSS.Another option is to render the Less code into pure CSS and upload the CSS to a site. With this option no .less files are uploaded and the site does not need the less.js JavaScript converter.

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Less software[edit]

See also[edit]

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References[edit]

1. ^'CHANGELOG'. GitHub.
2. ^ ^abcdOfficial Less website Official Less website
3. ^ ^abSass and LessArchived 2009-06-21 at the Wayback Machine Sass and Less
4. ^'css - Is there a SASS.js? Something like LESS.js?'. Stack Overflow.
5. ^What's Wrong With CSS What's Wrong With CSS
6. ^About Less About
7. ^Sass/Less Comparison
8. ^[1] WinLess github Issue 'License Information'
9. ^Crunch's LICENSE.txt at github Crunch's LICENSE.txt at github
10. ^[2] github license
11. ^[3] license file at github (placeholder)
12. ^[4] Chirpy License Information at CodePlex
13. ^Eclipse Plugin for Less homepage Eclipse Plugin for Less homepage

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External links[edit]

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